Why Some Bee Stings Turn Deadly: Plymouth Scientists Search for Answers

Our team of researchers from the University of Plymouth and the University of Plymouth NHS Trust is working closely with beekeepers across Devon and Cornwall to understand why some people develop severe allergic reactions. In the UK, an estimated 21 million people live with allergies, and in some cases, these reactions can be severe and potentially life-threatening, a condition known as anaphylaxis. Among adults, insect sting allergy is the second most common cause of anaphylaxis, after drug allergies.

Many beekeepers experience frequent stings, and most tolerate them with only mild reactions. However, some individuals who were previously tolerant can suddenly experience life-threatening reactions. Currently, there is no reliable way to predict who might develop severe reactions. This research aims to improve understanding in this area and help identify those at greatest risk.

The Plymouth team is collaborating with experts from Imperial College London and Christchurch University Canterbury to compare blood samples from beekeepers who have had no reaction with those who have experienced severe anaphylaxis. By studying patterns in the immune system known as “biomarkers” researchers hope to uncover clues that could help predict the severity of an allergic reaction.

The research also has wider benefits. The Asian Hornet, an invasive species spreading in the UK, poses an increasing risk to beekeepers and the public. Fatal anaphylaxis following Asian Hornet stings has been reported in Europe. Using the same laboratory techniques, the team will study individuals who have had severe reactions to Asian Hornet stings, building the foundation for future research as this species becomes more common in the UK.

The South West Peninsula is home to one of the highest concentrations of beekeepers in the UK, with over 2,000 registered in local groups, making it an ideal location for this research. Plymouth also hosts one of the largest NHS immunotherapy services in the UK for severe bee venom allergy, with clinicians already supporting patients and collaborating with scientists at Derriford Hospital and the University of Plymouth.

This work highlights how local expertise in Plymouth is helping tackle a problem that affects millions of people across the UK. By studying beekeepers, researchers aim to unlock vital insights that could make allergies safer and more manageable for everyone.